For a deeper technical insight, Progress in Photovoltaics publishes listings of the latest photovoltaic cell technologies twice a year. Ultra-high efficiency Tandem Perovskite cells are still in development but are expected to become commercially viable within the next two years.
However, panels developed using the latest N-Type TOPcon, and advanced heterojunction (HJT) cells have achieved efficiency levels well above 22%. Panels built using Back-contact (IBC) cells are currently the most efficient (up to 23.8%) due to the high purity N-type silicon substrate and no losses from busbar shading. Key features include the silicon type, busbar configuration, junction and passivation type (PERC). The cell design plays a significant role in panel efficiency. The panel efficiency is always lower due to the internal cell gaps and frame structure included in the panel area. Note cell efficiency should not be confused with panel efficiency. Cell efficiency is calculated by what is known as the fill factor (FF), which is the maximum conversion efficiency of a PV cell at the optimum operating voltage and current. C ell efficiency is determined by the cell structure and type of substrate used, which is generally either P-type or N-type silicon.
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